This study aims to elucidate the roles of translation mechanisms and the dark proteome in the brain and nervous system. Recent findings have revealed that non-canonical translation products, known as the dark proteome, are involved in various diseases. We have developed a novel method, TISCA2, which does not rely on translation inhibitors, and successfully achieved high-precision identification of translation initiation sites in mouse brain tissues. In this project, we will apply this method to analyze diverse disease models, including autism spectrum disorder and neurodegenerative diseases, to uncover shared mechanisms of translational dysregulation and explore their potential as therapeutic targets.